Monday, 6 June 2011

 

Sam Pitroda

Sam Pitroda (born 4 May 1942, in Titlagarh, Orissa) (Real name Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda) is an inventor, entrepreneur and policymaker. Currently Advisor to the Prime Minister of India on Public Information Infrastructure & Innovations, he is also widely considered to have been responsible for India’s communications revolution.[1] As Advisor, he will be looking into creating information infrastructure for enhancing delivery of services to the citizens in various areas and will also be working on creating a roadmap for a ‘Decade of Innovation’ in India.

He has served as Chairman of the National Knowledge Commission (2005–2008), a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, set up to give policy recommendations for improving knowledge related institutions and infrastructure in the country. During its term, the National Knowledge Commission submitted around 300 recommendations on 27 focus areas covering a range of aspects of the knowledge paradigm. Mr. Pitroda holds around 100 key technology patents, has been involved in several start ups, and lectures extensively around the world.

He is also the founder & CEO of C-SAM, Inc. The company maintains its headquarters in Chicago with offices in London, Tokyo , Mumbai and Vadodara. Following the development of core technologies in the U.S. and Europe, C-SAM's development centers in India now focus on innovation, customization and cost effective deployment for its customers.

He has also served as an advisor to the United Nations and in 1992, his biography Sam Pitroda: A Biography was published and became the bestseller on the The Economic Times list for five weeks.

As technology Advisor to the Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi in the 1984s, Mr. Pitroda not only heralded the telecom revolution in India, but also made a strong case for using technology for the benefit and betterment of society through several missions on telecommunications, literacy, dairy, water, immunization, oilseeds etc.. He has continued to redefine the role technology can play in a society like India by linking it to better delivery of services for the underprivileged in the country.

Mr Pitroda has lived mainly in Chicago, Illinois since 1964 with his wife and two children
Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Tradition
Sam Pitroda
Born 4 May 1942 (age 69)
Titlagarh, Orissa, India
Residence Delhi, India
Nationality Indian
Education Maharaja Sayajirao University
Illinois Institute of Technology
Occupation Telecom engineer, inventor, development guru, entrepreneur
Employer Advisor to the Prime Minister
Known for Communication revolution
Title Innovator
Religion Hinduism
Children 2

Early life

Born in Titlagarh, Orissa, India. His parents hailed from Gujarat and migrated to Orissa. They were deeply influenced by Gandhi and his philosophy and consequently, he and his brother were sent to Gujarat to imbibe Gandhian philosophy. He completed his schooling from Vallabh Vidyanagar in Gujarat and completed his Masters in Physics and Electronics from Maharaja Sayajirao University in Vadodara . After completing his Masters in Physics he went to the US and obtained a Masters in Electrical Engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in Chicago. In 2010, he received an Honorary degree from University of Illinois at Chicago.

Career
Early career

Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s Sam Pitroda was involved in cutting edge technology research work in telecommunications and hand-held computing. He is widely regarded as one of the earliest pioneers of hand-held computing because of his invention of the Electronic Diary in 1975.

In 1974, Sam Pitroda founded a company, Wescom Switching which was one of the first digital switching companies in the world. He developed a revolutionary new system called 580 DSS switch, which he spent nearly four years perfecting. Thus, in 1978, it was released to the world and it became an instant hit becoming one of the most successful systems in the market. Wescom was eventually acquired by Rockwell International, where Pitroda became the Vice President. During his four decades as an engineer, Mr. Pitroda has filed scores of patents in telecommunications. The latest set of patents relate to mobile phone based transaction technology [3][4] which cover the entire spectrum of transactions, both financial and non-financial, via mobile phones.

In 1983, he also designed his own computer-themed card game called Compucards which used binary numbers instead of decimal (1, 2, 4, 8...) had a computer bug as the joker. The equivalent of a king in a regular deck of cards was the 'Programmer' that bore an uncanny resemblance to Pitroda himself. Through the 1990s Mr. Pitroda explored the world of mobile phone transaction technology and telecom developments in emerging markets.

A widely traveled man, Mr. Pitroda is a much sought after speaker at top international events. Mr. Pitroda divides his time between Chicago and Delhi..
[Edit]
Government service

In 1984, Mr. Pitroda was invited to return to India by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. On his return, he started the Center for Development of Telematics C-DOT, an autonomous telecom R&D organization. He had previously become a naturalized US citizen, and renounced his US citizenship to take Indian citizenship again in order to work in the Government. [2] In 1987, he became advisor to Mrs. Gandhi's successor, Rajiv Gandhi and was responsible for shaping India's foreign and domestic telecommunications policies.

In 1987 during his tenure as advisor to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, Mr. Pitroda headed six technology missions related to telecommunications, water, literacy, immunization, dairy and oilseeds. He is also the founder and first chairman of India’s Telecom Commission.

Mr Pitroda has been responsible for shaping India’s foreign and domestic telecommunications policies. He is largely considered to be responsible for the telecommunication revolution in India and specifically, the ubiquitous, yellow-signed Public Call Offices (PCO) that quickly brought cheap and easy domestic and international public telephones all over the country.

In the 1990s Sam Pitroda returned to Chicago to manage his business interests. When the United Progressive Alliance government came to power following the 2004 General Elections, the Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh invited him to head the National Knowledge Commission of India.

In July 2009, the Government of India invited Mr. Sam Pitroda to head an expert committee on ICT in Railways. In October 2009, Sam Pitroda was appointed as Advisor to PM of India (Dr. Manmohan Singh) on Public Information Infrastructure and Innovations with the rank of Cabinet Minister.

In August 2010 , Prime Minister Manmohan Singh approved the setting up of a National Innovation Council,[5] headed by Sam Pitroda, with special focus on micro, small and medium enterprises for 2010-20.[6]

nternational Telecommunication Union (ITU) conferred the World Telecommunication and Information Society Award to Mr. Sam Pitroda in Geneva on 17th May 2011. He was awarded in recognition of his dedication to promoting Information, communication and technology as a means of providing a better life for humanity and social and economic empowerment. He is the first Indian to receive this prestigious award.

Sambalpur University honored Mr. Pitroda with D.Sc. on its 23rd convocation on 14 July 2010.

Mr. Pitroda received the Rajiv Gandhi "Global Indian" award in 2009.

Mr. Pitroda was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 2009 by the Government of India for his contribution to Science and Engineering.

Mr. Pitroda was awarded the Skoch Challenger Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009 for ushering in the telecom and IT revolution in India.

Andhra University honored Mr. Pitroda with D.Sc in 2008.

Mr. Pitroda was awarded the Dataquest IT Lifetime Achievement Award in 2002.

Felicitations

He was also felicitated on 31 March 2009 by Akhila Bharatiya Viswakarma Mahasabha (ABVM) for service to the viswakarma community, in the presence of Chief Minister of Delhi, Smt. Shiela Dixit, and President of ABVM, Chedilal Sharma. In 2008, Pitroda was elected as World Prominent Leader by the World Network of Young Leaders and Entrepreneurs
Other contributions

In 1993, Mr. Pitroda helped establish
[7] The Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Tradition
[8] Near Bangalore in India. At present, he is a Governing Council Member. The aim of the foundation is to make full use of India's rich and diverse traditional medicinal knowledge. Pitroda also serves on the IIT International Board of Overseers.



Prime minister

A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the Government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.

In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of the government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers (known as the royal prerogative) which are constitutionally vested in the crown and can be exercised without the approval of parliament.

As well as being head of government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles—the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.[1] Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts—for example during the Second World War Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence). The Prime Minister of Australia, Gough Whitlam, was famous for forming his cabinet entirely of himself and his deputy as soon as the overall result of the 1972 federal election was beyond doubt

History

The prime ministers of five members of the Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference.

The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers. The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom.[citation needed] Since medieval times monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the minister", the "chief minister", the "first minister" and finally the "prime minister".


In some presidential or semi-presidential systems, such as those of France, Russia or South Korea, the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the president but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the president and managing the civil service. (The premier of the Republic of China is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament can force the resignation of the government.) In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.




In such systems unwritten (and unenforceable) constitutional conventions often outline the order in which people are asked to form a government. If the prime minister resigns after a general election, the monarch usually asks the leader of the opposition to form a government. Where however a resignation occurs during a parliament session (unless the government has itself collapsed) the monarch will ask another member of the government to form a government. While previously the monarch had some leeway in whom to ask, all British political parties now elect their leaders (until 1965 the Conservatives chose their leader by informal consultation). The last time the monarch had a choice over the appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of Home was asked to become Prime Minister ahead of Rab Butler
During the period between the times it is clear that the incumbent government has been defeated at a general election and the actual swearing-in of the new prime minister by the monarch or governor-general, that person is variously referred to as the "prime minister-elect", "...-designate" etc. Neither term is strictly correct from a constitutional point of view, but they have wide acceptance. In a situation in which a ruling party elects or appoints a new leader, the incoming leader will usually be referred as "prime minister-in-waiting". An example of this situation was in 2003 in Canada when Paul Martin was elected leader of the Liberal Party of Canada while Jean Chrétien was still prime minister.
Appointment by the head of state after parliament nominates a candidate: Example: The Republic of Ireland where the President of Ireland appoints the Taoiseach on the nomination of the Dáil Éireann.
The head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment as prime minister: Example: Spain, where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval. Also Germany where under the German Basic Law (constitution) the Bundestag votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state.
The head of state appoints a prime minister who has a set timescale within which s/he must gain a vote of confidence: (Example: Italy, Romania, and Thailand)
The head of state appoints the leader of the political party with the majority of the votes in the Parliament as Prime Minister: (Example: Greece)

Direct election by parliament: (Example: Japan, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan.)
Direct election by popular vote: (Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation.)
Nomination by a state office holder other than the head of state or his/her representative: (Example: Under the modern Swedish Instrument of Government, the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (statsminister) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote no (i.e. he can be elected even if more MP:s vote no than yes).



shown Term given by shown shown
years or dates Incumbent years or dates years or dates
Abkhazia 1995 - dates Sergei Shamba Abkhazia Abkhazia
Afghanistan 1927 - years (Post abolished) Afghanistan Afghanistan
Albania (List) 1912 - years Sali Berisha Albania (List) Albania (List)
Algeria 1962 yes years Ahmed Ouyahia Algeria Algeria
Andorra 1982 - years Jaume Bartumeu Andorra Andorra
Angola 1975 - dates (Post abolished) Angola Angola
Anguilla 1976 yes dates Hubert Hughes Anguilla Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda 1981 - years Baldwin Spencer Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda
Armenia 1918 yes dates Tigran Sargsyan Armenia Armenia
Aruba 1986 - dates Mike Eman Aruba Aruba
Australia (List) 1901 yes dates Julia Gillard Australia (List) Australia (List)
Austria 1918 yes years Werner Faymann Austria Austria
Azerbaijan 1918 yes dates Artur Rasizade Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
Bahamas 1967 - dates Hubert Ingraham Bahamas Bahamas
Bahrain 1970 - years Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah Bahrain Bahrain
Bangladesh 1971 yes dates Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh Bangladesh
Barbados 1954 yes dates David Thompson Barbados Barbados
Belarus 1919 - dates Sergey Sidorsky Belarus Belarus
Belgium 1831 yes dates Yves Leterme Belgium Belgium
Belize 1973 yes years Dean Barrow Belize Belize
Benin 1957 yes dates (Post abolished) Benin Benin
Bermuda 1968 yes dates Ewart Brown Bermuda Bermuda
Bhutan 1952 - dates Jigme Thinley Bhutan Bhutan
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1943 - dates Nikola Špirić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana 1965 yes dates (Post abolished) Botswana Botswana
Brazil 1847 yes dates (Post abolished) Brazil Brazil
British Virgin Islands 1967 yes dates Ralph T. O'Neal British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands
Bulgaria 1879 yes dates Boyko Borisov Bulgaria Bulgaria
Burkina Faso 1971 - dates Tertius Zongo Burkina Faso Burkina Faso
Burundi 1961 yes dates (Post abolished) Burundi Burundi
Cambodia 1996 - years Hun Sen Cambodia Cambodia
Cameroon 1960 - dates Philémon Yang Cameroon Cameroon
Canada (List) 1867 yes dates Stephen Harper Canada (List) Canada (List)
Cape Verde 1975 - dates José Maria Neves Cape Verde Cape Verde
Cayman Islands 1992 yes dates McKeeva Bush Cayman Islands Cayman Islands
Central African Republic 1958 - dates Faustin-Archange Touadéra Central African Republic Central African Republic
Chad 1978 - dates Emmanuel Nadingar Chad Chad
People's Republic of China (List) 1949 - dates Wen Jiabao People's Republic of China (List) People's Republic of China (List)
Comoros 1957 yes dates (Post abolished) Comoros Comoros
Congo (Brazzaville) 1957 yes dates (Post abolished) Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Brazzaville)
Congo (Kinshasa) (List) 1960 yes dates Adolphe Muzito Congo (Kinshasa) (List) Congo (Kinshasa) (List)
Cook Islands 1965 yes dates Henry Puna Cook Islands Cook Islands
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 1957 yes dates Guillaume Soro Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Croatia 1939 - dates Jadranka Kosor Croatia Croatia
Cuba 1940 - dates Raúl Castro Cuba Cuba
Curaçao 2010 - dates Gerrit Schotte Curaçao Curaçao
Northern Cyprus 1983 yes dates Derviş Eroğlu Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
Czech Republic 1993 - years Petr Nečas Czech Republic Czech Republic
Denmark (List) 1848 - years Lars Løkke Rasmussen Denmark (List) Denmark (List)
Djibouti 1977 - dates Dileita Mohamed Dileita Djibouti Djibouti
Dominica 1960 - dates Roosevelt Skerrit Dominica Dominica
East Timor 2002 - dates Xanana Gusmão East Timor East Timor
Egypt (List) 1878 - years Essam Sharaf Egypt (List) Egypt (List)
Equatorial Guinea 1963 - dates Ignacio Milam Tang Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea
Estonia 1918 - dates Andrus Ansip Estonia Estonia
Ethiopia 1942 yes dates Meles Zenawi Ethiopia Ethiopia
Faroe Islands 1946 - years Kaj Leo Johannesen Faroe Islands Faroe Islands
Fiji 1966 - dates Frank Bainimarama (interim) Fiji Fiji
Finland 1917 yes years Mari Kiviniemi Finland Finland
France (List) 1589 - years François Fillon France (List) France (List)
Gabon 1957 yes dates Paul Biyoghé Mba Gabon Gabon
The Gambia 1961 - dates (Post abolished) The Gambia The Gambia
Ghana 1957 - dates (Post abolished) Ghana Ghana
Georgia 1918 yes dates Nikoloz Gilauri Georgia Georgia
Germany (List) 1871/1949 yes dates Angela Merkel Germany (List) Germany (List)
Gibraltar 1964 yes dates Peter Caruana Gibraltar Gibraltar
Greece (List) 1833 - dates George Papandreou Greece (List) Greece (List)
Greenland 1979 - years Kuupik Kleist Greenland Greenland
Grenada 1954 - years Tillman Thomas Grenada Grenada
Guernsey 2007 - dates Lyndon Trott Guernsey Guernsey
Guinea 1972 - dates Jean-Marie Doré Guinea Guinea
Guinea-Bissau 1973 - dates Carlos Gomes Júnior Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau
Guyana 1953 - dates Sam Hinds Guyana Guyana
Haiti 1988 - dates Jean-Max Bellerive Haiti Haiti
Hungary 1848 - dates Viktor Orbán Hungary Hungary
Hyderabad State 1724 - mixture (Post abolished) Hyderabad State Hyderabad State
Iceland 1904 - dates Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir Iceland Iceland
India (List) 1947 yes dates Manmohan Singh India (List) India (List)
Indonesia 1945 yes dates (Post abolished) Indonesia Indonesia
Iran (List) 1824 - years (Post abolished) Iran (List) Iran (List)
Iraq 1920 - years Nouri al-Maliki Iraq Iraq
Ireland 1937 yes dates Enda Kenny Ireland Ireland
Israel (List) 1948 - years Benjamin Netanyahu Israel (List) Israel (List)
Italy (List) 1861 - years Silvio Berlusconi Italy (List) Italy (List)
Jamaica 1959 - years Bruce Golding Jamaica Jamaica
Japan (List) 1885 - dates Naoto Kan Japan (List) Japan (List)
Jersey 2005 - dates Terry Le Sueur Jersey Jersey
Jordan 1944 - dates Samir Rifai Jordan Jordan
Kazakhstan 1920 - years Karim Massimov Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
Kenya 1963 - dates Raila Odinga Kenya Kenya
North Korea 1948 - years Choe Yong-rim North Korea North Korea
South Korea (List) 1948 - years Kim Hwang-sik South Korea (List) South Korea (List)
Kosovo 1945 yes dates Hashim Thaçi Kosovo Kosovo
Kuwait 1962 - dates Sheikh Nasser Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah Kuwait Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan 1924 - dates Daniar Usenov Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan
Laos 1941 - years Bouasone Bouphavanh Laos Laos
Latvia 1918 yes dates Valdis Dombrovskis Latvia Latvia
Lebanon 1926 - dates Saad Hariri Lebanon Lebanon
Lesotho 1965 yes dates Pakalitha Mosisili Lesotho Lesotho
Libya 1951 - dates Baghdadi Mahmudi Libya Libya
Liechtenstein 1921 yes dates Klaus Tschütscher Liechtenstein Liechtenstein
Lithuania 1918 yes dates Andrius Kubilius Lithuania Lithuania
Luxembourg 1959 - years Jean-Claude Juncker Luxembourg Luxembourg
Macedonia 1943 yes dates Nikola Gruevski Macedonia Macedonia
Madagascar 1833 - dates Albert Camille Vital Madagascar Madagascar
Malawi 1963 yes dates (Post abolished) Malawi Malawi
Malaysia 1957 yes years Najib Tun Razak Malaysia Malaysia
Mali 1957 yes dates Modibo Sidibé Mali Mali
Malta 1921 yes years Lawrence Gonzi Malta Malta
Isle of Man 1986 - years Tony Brown Isle of Man Isle of Man
Mauritania 1957 yes dates Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Mauritania Mauritania
Mauritius 1961 yes dates Navin Ramgoolam Mauritius Mauritius
Moldova 1990 - dates Vlad Filat Moldova Moldova
Monaco 1911 n/a dates Michel Roger Monaco Monaco
Mongolia 1912 yes dates Sükhbaataryn Batbold Mongolia Mongolia
Montenegro 1879 yes dates Milo Đukanović Montenegro Montenegro
Montserrat 1960 yes dates Reuben Meade Montserrat Montserrat
Morocco 1955 yes years Abbas El Fassi Morocco Morocco
Mozambique 1974 yes dates Aires Ali Mozambique Mozambique
Myanmar (Burma) 1948 yes dates (Post abolished) Myanmar (Burma) Myanmar (Burma)
Nagorno-Karabakh 1992 no dates Arayik Harutyunyan Nagorno-Karabakh Nagorno-Karabakh
Namibia 1990 yes dates Nahas Angula Namibia Namibia
Nepal 1953 - dates Madhav Kumar Nepal Nepal Nepal
Netherlands (List) 1848 yes dates Mark Rutte Netherlands (List) Netherlands (List)
New Zealand (List) 1856 yes dates John Key New Zealand (List) New Zealand (List)
Newfoundland 1855 yes dates (Post abolished) Newfoundland Newfoundland
Niger 1958 yes dates Mahamadou Danda Niger Niger
Niue 1974 - dates Toke Talagi Niue Niue
Norfolk Island 1896 - dates Andre Nobbs Norfolk Island Norfolk Island
Norway 1814 yes years Jens Stoltenberg Norway Norway
Pakistan (List) 1947 - dates Yousaf Raza Gillani Pakistan (List) Pakistan (List)
Palestinian National Authority 2003 yes dates Salam Fayyad Palestinian National Authority Palestinian National Authority
Papua New Guinea 1975 yes years Sir Michael Somare Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea
Peru 1975 yes dates Rosario Fernández Peru Peru
Philippines 1899 yes dates (Post abolished) Philippines Philippines
Poland (List) 1917 - dates Donald Tusk Poland (List) Poland (List)
Portugal (List) 1834 yes dates José Sócrates Portugal (List) Portugal (List)
Qatar 1970 - dates Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Jabr Al Thani Qatar Qatar
Romania 1862 - years Emil Boc Romania Romania
Russia (List) 1864/1905 yes dates Vladimir Putin Russia (List) Russia (List)
Rwanda 1960 yes dates Bernard Makuza Rwanda Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1960 - dates Denzil Douglas Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia 1960 - dates Stephenson King Saint Lucia Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1956 - dates Ralph Gonsalves Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa 1875 yes dates Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi Samoa Samoa
São Tomé and Principe 1974 yes dates Joaquim Rafael Branco São Tomé and Principe São Tomé and Principe
Saudi Arabia 1953 no dates King Abdullah Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
Senegal 1957 yes dates Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye Senegal Senegal
Serbia 1805 yes years Mirko Cvetković Serbia Serbia
Seychelles 1970 yes years (Post abolished) Seychelles Seychelles
Sierra Leone 1954 yes dates (Post abolished) Sierra Leone Sierra Leone
Singapore 1959 - dates Lee Hsien Loong Singapore Singapore
Sint Maarten 2010 - dates Sarah Wescot-Williams Sint Maarten Sint Maarten
Slovakia (List) 1918 - dates Iveta Radičová Slovakia (List) Slovakia (List)
Slovenia 1943 yes years Borut Pahor Slovenia Slovenia
Solomon Islands 1949 yes dates Danny Philip Solomon Islands Solomon Islands
Somalia 1949 yes dates Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed Somalia Somalia
South Africa 1910 - dates (Post abolished) South Africa South Africa
South Ossetia 1991 - dates Vadim Brovtsev South Ossetia South Ossetia
Spain (List) 1705 yes years José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Spain (List) Spain (List)
Sri Lanka (List) 1948 - dates D. M. Jayaratne Sri Lanka (List) Sri Lanka (List)
Sudan 1952 yes dates (Post abolished) Sudan Sudan
Suriname 1949 yes dates (Post abolished) Suriname Suriname
Swaziland 1967 - years Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Swaziland Swaziland
Sweden (List) 1876 yes years Fredrik Reinfeldt Sweden (List) Sweden (List)
Syria 1920 - dates Mohamed Al-Otari Syria Syria
Taiwan (Republic of China) (List) 1911 - dates Wu Den-yih Taiwan (Republic of China) (List) Taiwan (Republic of China) (List)
Tajikistan 1924 - dates Okil Okilov Tajikistan Tajikistan
Tanzania 1960 yes dates Mizengo Pinda Tanzania Tanzania
Thailand (List) 1932 - dates Abhisit Vejjajiva Thailand (List) Thailand (List)
Togo 1956 yes dates Gilbert Houngbo Togo Togo
Tokelau 1992 - dates Kuresa Nasau Tokelau Tokelau
Tonga 1876 - years Feleti Sevele Tonga Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago 1956 - dates Kamla Persad-Bissessar Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia 1969 - dates Mohamed Ghannouchi Tunisia Tunisia
Turkmenistan 1924 - dates (Post abolished) Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
Turkey 1920 yes dates Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Turkey Turkey
Turks and Caicos Islands 1976 yes dates vacant Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu 1975 n/a dates Apisai Ielemia Tuvalu Tuvalu
Uganda 1961 yes dates Apolo Nsibambi Uganda Uganda
Ukraine (List) 1917 - dates Mykola Azarov Ukraine (List) Ukraine (List)
United Arab Emirates 1971 - years Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom (List) 1721 yes dates David Cameron United Kingdom (List) United Kingdom (List)
Uzbekistan 1924 - dates Shavkat Mirziyoyev Uzbekistan Uzbekistan
Vanuatu 1980 yes dates Edward Natapei Vanuatu Vanuatu
Vatican 1644 - years Tarcisio Bertone Vatican Vatican
Vietnam 1976 yes dates Nguyễn Tấn Dũng Vietnam Vietnam
Yemen 1990 yes years Ali Muhammad Mujawar Yemen Yemen
Western Sahara 1976 no years Abdelkader Taleb Oumar Western Sahara Western Sahara
Zambia 1964 yes dates (Post abolished) Zambia Zambia
Zimbabwe 1923 - dates Morgan Tsvangirai Zimbabwe Zimbabwe





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